Academic Archers Fifth Annual Conference 2020: Call for Papers

Dr Cara Courage and Dr Nicola Headlam invite the submission of abstracts to the fifth Academic Archers annual conference on the subject of BBC Radio 4’s The Archers.

Academic Archers are an established experimental academic community where a cornucopia of insights are explored by Research Fellows (qualifications: committed listener) and professional academics (qualifications: university affiliation or independent scholar, broadly defined or specialist practitioner, and committed listener.) The conference is expected to be held over a February 2020 weekend, at a university venue close to London.

Academic Archers are methodologically heterodox and welcome emerging ideas in experimental format, conventional and bids for keynote speakers and submissions are invited from any academic discipline.

 

For this, our fifth annual conference, we seek presentations - with the broadest possible interpretation - on the conference themes of:

1 – Family dynamics: the psychology and business of family relations

For example:

·         How family dramas, inheritance politics and reversals of fortune keep us all hooked.

·         Family and Kinship in Borsetshire.

·         How the case for family therapy/ grief counselling/couples counselling has become unanswerable.

·         Family (business) planning – how not to do it?

·         Macro and micro power; how national politics affect family politics

This conference strand will be curated into a 2021 edited collection for Emerald Academic Press.

  

2 - Fandom as a prism

For example:

·         Using The Archers in teaching and/or research.

·         The online tribes of the wider The Archers firmament.

·         Salience in listener lives: why listeners form intimate relationships with The Archers characters.

·         ‘I listen but I’m not a fan’ identity in The Archers fandom.

This conference strand will be curated into a 2020 edited collection for Emerald Academic Press.

 

The two strands and examples are of course not an exhaustive or exclusive listing and we seek papers on any and all aspects of life in Ambridge.

We welcome wildcards, flights of fancy and suggestions from leftfield. We have accepted papers as films, podcasts, posters, photo-essays, as well as the gamut of quantitative and qualitative approaches, archival and imaginative methods. These topic and format lists are meant to inspire you to think how your academic research, sector professional expertise or listener forensic knowledge of The Archers can illuminate and explain life of The Archers and Ambridge.

 

What you can expect as a presenter is the most committed and engaged audience of your life, listening avidly with curiosity, generosity and joyfulness and probing with the most penetrating of questions.

What we expect of presenters is to be an active member of the Academic Archers community of practice, contributing to media coverage, blogposts, podcasts and other promotional activity as appropriate.

 

If you are a fellow The Archers fan and/or academic please submit your abstract of 200 words with a short biography to cara@caracourage.net and headlams@gmail.com by 1st September 2019. Please indicate the type of presentation you are intending (Quick Pitch, 5 mins, plus Q+A; paper, 15 mins plus 5 mins Q+A; keynote, 45 mins to include Q+A.)

Programming will be determined by an Academic Archers peer review panel made up of our listener research fellows (who give the most detailed of feedback!!)

Decisions will be communicated to presenters by mid-October.

 

A History of Ambridge in 100 Objects?

A post from Felicity Macdonald-Smith, following her paper on the same at conference in Sheffield this year.

I began my talk on the material culture of Ambridge at the Academic Archers 2019 conference in Sheffield by referring to Neil MacGregor’s Radio 4 series and subsequent book ‘A History of the World in 100 Objects’ (MacGregor, 2012), in which he ‘retell[s] humanity’s history through the objects we have made’ (https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00nrtd2/episodes/downloads, accessed 8 May 2019). The objects he chose ranged from a 2,000-year old Egyptian mummy, via a Roman silver cup, an Easter Island statue, porcelain vases from the Chinese Yuan dynasty, and an early Victorian tea set, to a 21st century credit card and solar-powered lamp.

The term ‘material culture’ was probably first used about objects like these by General Augustus Henry Lane-Fox Pitt-Rivers, writing in 1875, when he defined it as ‘the outward signs and symbols of particular ideas of the mind’ (Hannan & Longair, 2017). Pitt-Rivers donated his collection of ethnographic and archaeological objects to found the Pitt-Rivers’ Museum in Oxford. Other explorers and collectors were inspired by his gift and the museum now holds over 500,000 items, organised by functional categories, e.g. arms and armour, food and food preparation, medicines and medical instruments, coins and currency etc.

As a follow-up to my talk, Cara Courage suggested that the Facebook group might try to add to the list of Ambridge objects I had put forward, with the aim of getting to a total of 100. Not surprisingly, the group rose to the challenge with great enthusiasm, and 143 different objects were proposed, in 185 comments.

I made several attempts to reduce this to a round 100, using various methods:

  • Not including landscape and locations, however evocative of numerous life-changing events, based on an early definition of material culture as ‘that segment of humankind’s biosocial environment which has been purposely shaped by people according to culturally dictated plans’ (Schlereth 1985, my italics). I also excluded whole buildings, despite them being objects of cultural significance. [Lakey Hill, the motorway service station where Heather died, the village shop, The Bull, the urinals at the Cat & Fiddle, the bar from Nelson’s wine bar].

  • Eliminating animals (even stuffed) on the grounds that they constitute specimens rather than artefacts. [Captain, Scruff, llamas, Hilda Ogden, the badger shot by David, the dead fish found in the Am by Kirsty].

  • Rather reluctantly, I also omitted Joe’s Farmers’ Lung, on the grounds of intangibility, although I suppose an X-ray might have been possible (RIP Joe – although this has not yet happened at the time of writing).
    I merged suggestions where they referred to the same character, e.g. for Lilian – a gin bottle, her favourite gin glass, and a packet of fags.

I submitted a further enquiry to the Facebook group, about items which had been suggested, but I couldn’t clearly remember from my personal listening history. Other contributors were able to elucidate in a few cases, but where doubt remained, I omitted them, on the grounds that they were probably part of a minor incident and as such, not very memorable. My readers are free to disagree! [‘the locket’ - unspecified, may have been given to Lizzie by Nigel; ‘tree festooned with HeatherPet’s toilet rolls’ - not an actual incident, just a reminder of Ruth’s father’s occupation; ‘Fabrice’s CCTV’ - don’t remember any mention of this or any reason why it would be significant].

At this point I started to classify the items into groups. In the spirit of Pitt-Rivers, these were not chronological, but were categories such as ‘agricultural machinery/implements/vehicles’ or ‘food and drink’. This is when I realised that a significant number of the suggestions related to specific incidents, such as the Sid/Jolene shower scene (sorry!) or Shula playing the recorder on Christmas Day at the age of ten (someone clearly has an encyclopaedic knowledge of Ambridge history!).

This led to a complete rethink: what 100 items truly reflect the material culture of Ambridge, rather than the plotlines of the drama – oops! I mean events which have occurred during the timeline of the documentary? So here is my attempt at ‘A History of Ambridge in 100 Objects’. The numbers in brackets indicate where they were nominated by more than one person. I also had fun adding further objects in the process of categorising, because they seemed to be iconic and essential ‘signs and symbols of particular ideas of the mind’ (Pitt-Rivers, 1875 see above).

Agricultural machinery/vehicles/implements/buildings
Many of these items represent ‘traditional’ farming methods, rather than modern, intensive, factory-farming, and as such are a reminder of the origins of the programme, which was supposed to be an educational tool for the post-war agricultural community. One notable exception is the polytunnel, which has additional connotations, as a site for romantic encounters.

1.       a pig ark (3)

2.       David’s toy farm (2)

3.       Bartleby’s pony trap

4.       farm implements belonging to the first generation of Archers: Dan (billhook and plough-horse harness) and Doris (lambing tongs)

5.       one of Jill’s beehives

6.       Tom Forrest’s shotgun

7.       Tony’s old Fergie tractor

8.       a piece of farm machinery salvaged and resold by Josh

9.       the chicken shed (‘egg mobile’) built by Bert Fry for the Fairbrothers

10.   a polytunnel

11.   a quad bike

12.   one of the caravans where the fruit pickers lived

Sadly, in light of current storylines (Ed’s involvement with Tim, and Brian’s contamination case), we should add to this category:

13.   a container of illegal pesticide

‘Community’
This category is a loose collection of places, buildings and other items which illustrate participatory aspects of village life.

14.   the tabard (and supervisor badge) worn by Susan in the village shop, run by the community (2)

15.   a copy of the Borchester Echo (2) – I imagine this to be a typical local paper, containing reports on school sports days, the flower and produce show, parish council elections etc.

16.   a copy of Borsetshire Life – a more upmarket publication, with photos of the Hunt Ball and ‘county set’ weddings

17.   a microphone from Radio Borsetshire

18.   Martha Woodford’s phonebox (2)

19.   Martha Woodford’s hanging baskets

20.   a bell from St Stephen’s, to represent both the bellringers and the bells that fell down from the tower

21.   the church flower rota

22.   a Loxley Barrett school photo

23.   ‘object to represent Borchester Land’ (AGM agenda?)

24.   ‘object to represent Rodway & Watson’ (house sale details?)

25.   the cricket nets and the single wicket trophy

26.   a women’s cricket ‘box’ – deserves a separate listing!

27.   a pantomime script, a cuttings book of reviews, and the ‘fake bum’

28.   a Brownie uniform (they were involved in one of Lynda’s productions)

29.   the maypole/maypole ribbons (maypole dancing also organised by Lynda)

30.   the local history book written by Jennifer Aldridge and John Tregorran (Tregorran & Aldridge, 1982)

31.   the ‘shop closed’ sign from Nelson Gabriel’s antique shop

32.   one of Brenda Tucker’s marketing leaflets

33.   a badge from the SAVE (Save the Ambridge Vale Environment) campaign

34.   a birthday card – always delivered by hand and in person

35.   the Freda Fry trophy from the flower and produce show

36.   a copy of the WI magazine

37.   a vintage cup and saucer from the tearoom

38.   the bunting (of course!)

The last two items in this category are not strictly ‘communal’ as they are situated in Lynda Snell’s garden, but they illustrate the villagers’ amused tolerance of the antics of incomers:

39.   the Resurgam stone – also commemorating the flood

40.   Lynda’s shepherd’s hut, built by Eddie to her design (more or less!)

Memory
“... people sediment possessions, lay them down as foundations, material walls mortared with memory, strong supports that come into their own when times are difficult and the people who laid them down face experiences of loss.” (Miller 2008)

41.   the Grace Archer window in St Stephen’s

42.   Debbie’s jewellery box, with the ballerina ‘that doesn’t stand up any more’ – reclaimed by Debbie when the Aldridges were leaving the Home Farm farmhouse

43.   the old sofa in the Home Farm kitchen – reminisced about as a centre of family life by Jennifer and Peggy on the same occasion

44.   the home-made Christmas tree decorations at Lower Loxley – the subject of a conversation between Lily and Rex

45.   the mangle which had belonged to ‘My Susan’, Joe Grundy’s late wife

46.   Ornament of a Staffordshire bull terrier, given to Jack by Peggy, in memory of Captain

47.   old toys: David’s farm (again), Henry’s rabbit, Ruairi’s Mousie

Food and drink
Not easy to include in a collection such as the Pitt-Rivers Museum, or the British Museum, but since the Ambridge museum is a virtual one, possible deterioration will be disregarded. Local produce and home cooking feature strongly in this group.

48.   a Borsetshire Beauty apple

49.   Borsetshire Blue cheese

50.   Bridge Farm kefir

51.   Label from ‘Tom Archer sausages’

52.   Freda Fry’s hotpot recipe/casserole dish

53.   Aunty Satya’s favourite recipe

54.   lemon drizzle cake and cake tin – preventative measures against Type 2 diabetes (Michael 2017)

55.   Jill’s flapjack – also comes under the heading of ‘community’, as used in activism!

56.   Carol’s ‘herbal’ teas

57.   a pint of Shires (3) – the preferred drink of most of the Ambridge male population and representing the pub as a social centre of village life

58.   Cider Club shed (and loo), cider press (2), glass of Tumble Tussock cider (“actually dissolves spoons” Banks-Smith, 2019)

59.   a few turkey feathers (from the Grundy pre-Christmas enterprise)

60.   a bottle of Scruff ‘craft’ gin

61.   the Brookfield aga – also fits into to the categories of ‘community’ and ‘agriculture’

62.   a menu from “the takeaway on the bypass”

63.   a box which once contained frozen pizza

Clothing and jewellery
Some of these items refer to specific incidents, but nevertheless can also be seen to typify cultural or community activities.

64.   Nigel’s gorilla suit (2)

65.   Jolene’s country & western outfit

66.   Eddie’s hat with horns

67.   Joe’s trick trousers that the ferret got stuck in

68.   Molly Button’s tap shoes

69.   Brian’s/Nelson’s cravat

70.   Shula’s cream cardigan

71.   a pair of running shoes (Usha’s/Annabelle’s/Alistair’s?)

72.   the necklace Helen claimed to have made at evening class when she started seeing Rob

73.   Nigel’s mother’s brooch (given to Lizzie) and brooch given to Ruth by Jill

74.   Pat’s wedding ring (an eternity ring)

75.   the bracelet Pat had received from Helen, which she gave to Natasha for Christmas (5)

This last item deserves special mention, because it was – perhaps surprisingly - the most popular of all those mentioned by members of the Facebook group. In terms of material culture, I think this incident tells us quite a lot: it reflects Pat’s belief that gifts given and received should be of similar monetary value (she was embarrassed that Natasha had brought lavish presents for all the family); it shows that she doesn’t want to appear ungenerous to her son’s girlfriend, or possibly that she doesn’t want to lay herself open to criticism by Natasha; and could also be interpreted by future historians as illustrating the acceptability of the practice of ‘re-gifting’, although Helen certainly did not find it acceptable.

Character
Although this grouping contains items representative of specific village characters, they can also be seen as representative of class, attitudes, hobbies or occupations.

76.   Nelson Gabriel’s black satin sheets (2)

77.   Mr Snowy ice-cream van (2)

78.   Eddie’s guitar

79.   Clarrie’s dresser, damaged in the flood and unsuccessfully restored by Eddie and Joe

80.   a piece of furniture ‘upcycled’ by Fallon

81.   Lilian’s gin bottle and cigarettes/ashtray

82.   a book on ‘choosing a name for your baby’ in which Lilian has written ‘Mungo? Seriously???’

83.   Jim’s classic Riley

84.   Kate’s smudging sticks

85.   Information leaflets on having a baby by AI (Helen) and surrogacy (Adam & Ian)

86.   Photo of Mrs Antrobus with her dogs

87.   Kenton’s bouncy castle

88.   Ben’s airgun

89.   Lily’s Gwen John painting (left to her by Nigel for her 18th birthday)

90.   Freddie’s secret stash

91.   Russ’s multi-temperature kettle

92.   Susan’s chilli con carne recipe

93.   Jennifer’s kitchen: special sink, taps, food mixer, wine fridge

94.   Thor’s hammer (Mjolnir) made by Chris Carter

95.   the ‘fairy’ doors constructed in the woods as part of one of the Grundy money-making escapades

96.   Usha’s Hindu statue (installed at the vicarage, to Shula’s dismay)

97.   Walter Gabriel’s leech jar

98.   Fabrice’s scissors

99.   Cutlery Derek Fletcher used to juggle with at village shows

100.                        Leonard’s sketches of snowdrops

Thank you to the Academic Archers Facebook community for your suggestions: comments and further ideas always welcome!

References:

Banks-Smith, N., ‘The Archers’ Joe Grundy: farewell from me and the ferrets’, The Guardian, 25 April 2019: https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2019/apr/25/nancy-banks-smith-on-the-archers-joe-grundy-farewell-from-me-and-the-ferrets [accessed 20 June 2019]
Hannan, L., and Longair, S., History through Material Culture (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2017).
MacGregor, N., A History of the World in 100 Objects (London: Penguin, 2012).
Michael, C., ‘The Ambridge Paradox: Cake Consumption and Metabolic Health in a Defined Rural Population’, in C. Courage and N. Headlam (eds), Custard, Culverts and Cake: Academics on Life in The Archers (Bingley: Emerald Publishing, 2017).
Miller, D., The Comfort of Things (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2008).
Schlereth, T.J., ‘Material Culture Research and Historical Explanation’, The Public Historian, 7:4 (1985), 21-36, p.21 [cited in Hannan and Longair, see above].
Tregorran, J., and Aldridge, J., Ambridge: an English village through the ages (London: Borchester Press, 1982). [Really written by William Smethurst and published in association with Methuen by arrangement with the British Broadcasting Corporation.]

 

Academic Archers on tour!

We’re heading out to some of the literary festivals this year - sometimes with Charlotte Connor, aka Susan Carter, and Cara will be giving her talk on The Archers this May, listings and box office links below.

May

My BDSM relationship with The Archers, Dr Cara Courage

Catalyst Club

16th May, 7.30 pm

Lewes Arms, Lewes

http://www.catalystclub.co.uk

 

Cara Courage, Nicola Headlam and Charlotte Martin - Gender, Sex and Gossip in Ambridge: Women in The Archers

Hay Festival

Event 268, 30th May, 5.30 pm, Oxford Moot stage

https://www.hayfestival.com/p-15444-cara-courage-nicola-headlam-alison-hindell-and-charlotte-martin.aspx

 

 August

Gender, Sex and Gossip in Ambridge: Women in The Archers, Cara Courage and Nicola Headlam

Curious Arts Festival

23-26 August, Pippingford Park

https://curiousartsfestival.com/

 

 September

Gender, Sex and Gossip in Ambridge: Women in The Archers, Cara Courage and Nicola Headlam

Chiswick Book Festival

14-15 September

http://www.chiswickbookfestival.net

 

October

Gender, Sex and Gossip in Ambridge: Women in The Archers, Cara Courage and Nicola Headlam

Henley Literary Festival

1st October

https://henleyliteraryfestival.co.uk

We never thought we'd have to spell this out...

…but we LOVE The Archers, despite what a certain national Sunday newspaper said today.

Academic Archers exists to provide a place for us to share our mutual love of The Archers. The new book, whilst gathering together papers which explore feminist perspectives, is in no way hostile to the show. It is a long love letter to The Archers, as is everything we do.

Our values of generosity, curiosity and joyfulness inform our books and conferences and we are heartbroken that anyone could see us in opposition to the show.

‘Life’s a Soap Opera’ - Carole Boyd, aka Lynda Snell, opens Academic Archers 2019

We are delighted, bouncing off the walls with excitement, over the moon happy to announce that The Archers actor Carole Boyd will open the 2019 Academic Archers gathering, with an after-dinner talk, ‘Life’s a Soap Opera.’

Carole will share some entertaining revelations about her unfortunate connection with Lynda Snell - come behind the scenes to learn the truth about this most delusional of self-styled Cultural Crusaders! Enjoy  hilarious outcomes when fiction and reality go into meltdown and, best of all, discover the secret of life!

Academic Archers 2019 takes places 5-7 April 2019 at Sheffield University. Tickets and full conference information available here: https://www.eventbrite.com/e/academic-archers-2019-in-sheffield-tickets-46680949978

Custard...reviewed in the TLS

A review of Custard, Culverts and Cake appears in the current Times Literary Supplement, and the reviewer seems to have the measure of us perfectly! 

'It may look otherwise, but Custard, Culverts and Cake: Academics on life in “The Archers” is not a spoof. Instead, it involves the application of genuine research methodologies and concerns to the world of Ambridge and Borsetshire, which some people continue to believe is fictional. To underline that that is not the case, here each of these fascinating case studies is “peer reviewed” by an actual Ambridge inhabitant, so real academic protocols are applied throughout.

Ambridge is an outlier and a singularity, as well as a real place. Christine Michael’s essay on “The Ambridge Paradox: Cake consumption and metabolic health in a defined rural population” is a model social-medicine study that exposes a mystery on a par with the negative correlation in France between high blood pressure and coronary thrombosis.'

 

 

 

2019 conference schedule announced!

We are delighted to announce the schedule for the fourth Academic Archers conference! 

Topics cover cradle to grave themes and everything in between. Former pregnancy services worker Carolynne Henshaw talks birth rates and attitudes to pregnancy in Ambridge, and writer and journalist, Rob Stepney answers a common listener question of why are so many of The Archers still around to annoy us, with his paper ‘A series of unfortunate events? Mortality and medical incident in a small Borsetshire village.’

We’ll be looking at childhood, particularly that of Henry Archer, in ‘‘We Should have called him Damien.’ A discussion of the impact of Henry Archer’s early years on potential crimes of the future’, by Nicola Maxfield, Curriculum Manager for Health, Public Services and Education, Alton College, and the quandaries of middle age, through the prism of Shula and Reader in philosophy, St. Mary’s University, Hannah Marije Altorf’s paper, ‘This isn’t about curry, Alistair’: Shula Hebden-Lloyd and Iris Murdoch on Love.’

Brian will be pleased to know that farming business gets its own strand this year. But maybe not so pleased with two of the papers, ‘What to do when you’re no longer Borsetshire’s Business Person of the Year or How to handle a scandal’, from Olivia Vandyk, Communications Strategist, and ‘Borsetshire Businessman or Feckless Farmer?’ from Armchair Soil Scientist, Christine Narramore.

This year also sees strands on Ambridge and rural identities and the demographic composition of Ambridge, and three papers will be queering the village and its residents. Hit of the 2018 conference, NATO advisor James Armstrong is back, with a podcast satire on counterinsurgency in Borsetshire.

The full schedule can be found on the 2019 conference page, and box office is open

2019 conference box office now open!

Ta-da! The box office for the fourth Academic Archers is live!

You’re the first to know of course – you’re welcome to share this post as you wish, but we won’t be posting this news to other Archers sites or groups for another month so you have the chance to get in first!

The 2019 conference is taking place over the weekend of 6th and 7th April, at The Edge, University of Sheffield’s conference venue.

We start with the offer of a dinner for those of you travelling up on the Friday – 90 tickets for this available. The conference itself will be over the Saturday and Sunday, with an optional conference dinner on the Saturday night – a total of 300 tickets available for the conference and also for the dinner.

As ever, we have the cost of this at the forefront of our minds. Half the allocation of all the tickets are offered at an Early Bird rate (until 31st October or until all sell out, whichever comes first) and we have kept both the Early Bird and Standard ticket rates as low as possible. There is also a limited run Saturday-only ticket option.

All the tickets (the dinners, the conference options, Early Bird and Standard) are found on the one box office page but can be bought at different times so you can purchase to suit your budget and cash flow. Please note, the Friday night dinner has a 90 capacity, so you may want to book for that sooner rather than later if you are staying on the Friday night and please note that if you pay for one ticket at the Early Bird rate, you may end up paying the Standard rate for subsequent tickets.

Sheffield University has three on-site options for accommodation (though it may not be able to accommodate all of us) and we will send on details of that to those with a conference ticket from September. There are also lots of hotel, B+B and AirBnB options locally.

https://www.eventbrite.com/e/academic-archers-2019-in-sheffield-tickets-46680949978

Conference response - 'Boffin hits back at critics' - in Borchester Echo

Boffin hits back at critics

Professor Sally Shortall was unrepentant when Anne Liddon, our reporter from the Borchester Echo, caught up with her following her widely reported remarks about “rural proofing” – a process intended to ensure government policy does not disadvantage rural residents.  As readers will remember from previous coverage, the Newcastle University boffin is no believer in special consideration for countryside dwellers and has previously insisted that government policy should target need rather than geography.

Emphasising her own farming background and academic credentials, she went so far as to accuse the Echo of failing in its background research.  When challenged over the obvious housing deficit in Borsetshire villages, Professor Shortall conceded that some residents were disadvantaged but insisted your reporter had “the wrong end of the stick” and that she is, in fact, “very sympathetic to Emma Grundy” an Ambridge Parish Councillor who, as readers will recall, has been particularly vocal on this topic.

 “There is a rural housing problem but there is also an urban housing problem,” claimed Professor Shortall, before revealing a startlingly intimate knowledge of the private lives of Ambridge families.

“When the Grundy family lost their farm and had to move to Meadow Rise, a Borchester sink estate, everything went wrong for them and Ed Grundy went completely off the rails. Eddie bought a caravan and moved them back to Ambridge because the quality of life was so much better there, and Clarrie was so worried about whether they would have to go back to Borchester,” she pointed out.  “This nicely demonstrates that it is not a case of rural disadvantage and urban privilege – the Grundys wanted to get back to the countryside because it was better for their mental health.”

She was equally vociferous when challenged about rural transport problems.  Prominent local farmer Brian Aldridge has often complained about the lack of consideration given to land managers.

“We are expected to be custodians of the countryside but we get no special consideration for the added costs of living here,” he said when asked to comment.  “It costs me a fortune to fill up the car – and I have no choice but to drive a 4x4 to get around the farm.”

Professor Shortall was unimpressed however and accused Mr Aldridge of being “a polluter eating venison casserole.” 

“Don’t talk to me about Brian Aldridge” she fumed.  “But I am sympathetic to people like poor old Joe Grundy with his pony and trap.  Transport can be a real issue for certain social classes but it’s not about rural or urban.  You should go to some of the peripheral urban sink estates where people don’t have cars rather than presuming urban privilege.”

She referred us to her research report on rural proofing for the Northern Ireland Government and suggested we consult the work being carried out by Claire Astbury, Head of Housing Strategy at Luton Borough Council.